Cognitive and social skills supporting decision making and the quality of performance of Emergency medical services crew members
VEGA 2/0070/18
Duration of the project:
2018 - 2021
Principal investigator:
Mgr. Jitka Gurňáková, PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Mgr. Martin Sedlár, PhD.
Mgr.Branislav Uhrecký, PhD.
Mgr. Marcela Marcinechová
Most significant results:
The way the EMS crew communicates with the patient fundamentally affects the course and results of the intervention. Effective communication in EMS includes two key aspects - the mutual exchange of important information and the positive relationship that develops between the crew and people at the scene. The indifferent, repulsive to aggressive way of communication of the crew significantly reduces the trust of those affected and in some cases also leads to real mistakes in providing health care. If the crew's behavior is dominated by acceptance, expressions of interest and efforts to help to affected people, their level of stress is reduced, their sense of security is restored, their trust, but also willingness to cooperate or tolerate minor shortcomings, grows. Even interventions where it is not possible to help the patient can be evaluated positively by mourning relatives, as long as they perceive the active effort of the crew to do everything possible to save the patient (Gurňáková, Marcinechová, 2021).
Selected publications:
1. Gurňáková, J., Marcinechová D.,(2021). Význam komunikácie s pacientom a jeho blízkymi v zásahoch záchrannej zdravotnej služby. Bratislava: Ústav experimentálnej psychológie CSPV SAV. ISBN 978-80-89524-65-5, 180 s., (in press)
2. Gurňáková, J., Veselá, K.(2021). Význam netechnických zručností v urgentnej medicíne. In V. Dobiáš a kol. (Eds.). Urgentná medicína: prednemocničná, nemocničná, pre dospelých a deti. (s. 1037-1047). Osveta. ISBN 978-80-8063-499-5
3. Gurňáková, J.(2021a). Základy efektívnej komunikácie s pacientom. In V. Dobiáš a kol. (Eds.). Urgentná medicína: prednemocničná, nemocničná, pre dospelých a deti. (s. 1058- 1070). Osveta, Martin, ISBN 978-80-8063-499-5
4. SEDLÁR, Martin (2020).Cognitive skills of emergency medical services crew members: a literature review. In BMC emergency medicine. vol. 20, no. 1, p. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-020-00330-1
2018 - 2021
Principal investigator:
Mgr. Jitka Gurňáková, PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Mgr. Martin Sedlár, PhD.
Mgr.Branislav Uhrecký, PhD.
Mgr. Marcela Marcinechová
Most significant results:
The way the EMS crew communicates with the patient fundamentally affects the course and results of the intervention. Effective communication in EMS includes two key aspects - the mutual exchange of important information and the positive relationship that develops between the crew and people at the scene. The indifferent, repulsive to aggressive way of communication of the crew significantly reduces the trust of those affected and in some cases also leads to real mistakes in providing health care. If the crew's behavior is dominated by acceptance, expressions of interest and efforts to help to affected people, their level of stress is reduced, their sense of security is restored, their trust, but also willingness to cooperate or tolerate minor shortcomings, grows. Even interventions where it is not possible to help the patient can be evaluated positively by mourning relatives, as long as they perceive the active effort of the crew to do everything possible to save the patient (Gurňáková, Marcinechová, 2021).
Selected publications:
1. Gurňáková, J., Marcinechová D.,(2021). Význam komunikácie s pacientom a jeho blízkymi v zásahoch záchrannej zdravotnej služby. Bratislava: Ústav experimentálnej psychológie CSPV SAV. ISBN 978-80-89524-65-5, 180 s., (in press)
2. Gurňáková, J., Veselá, K.(2021). Význam netechnických zručností v urgentnej medicíne. In V. Dobiáš a kol. (Eds.). Urgentná medicína: prednemocničná, nemocničná, pre dospelých a deti. (s. 1037-1047). Osveta. ISBN 978-80-8063-499-5
3. Gurňáková, J.(2021a). Základy efektívnej komunikácie s pacientom. In V. Dobiáš a kol. (Eds.). Urgentná medicína: prednemocničná, nemocničná, pre dospelých a deti. (s. 1058- 1070). Osveta, Martin, ISBN 978-80-8063-499-5
4. SEDLÁR, Martin (2020).Cognitive skills of emergency medical services crew members: a literature review. In BMC emergency medicine. vol. 20, no. 1, p. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-020-00330-1
Psychological aspects of adaptation to retirement
VEGA 2/0048/18
Duration of the project:
2017 - 2021
Principal investigator:
prof. Peter Halama, PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Prof. PhDr. Viera Bačová, DrSc.
PhDr. Lucia Kočišová, PhD.
Mgr. Lucia Záhorcová, PhD.
doc. Ing. Mgr. Róbert Hanák, PhD.
Mgr. Lukáš Pitel, PhD.
Most significant results:
At the beginning of the project, the problem of retirement transition was theoretically conceptualized in the context of current sociodemographic trends (population aging). In the past, it generally meant a one-time and unilateral departure from paid work to a permanent state of no work and retirement, but current changes in demographic trends are also changing the nature of this process. Retirement is now more diverse and complex, and the duration of employment is increasing after retirement age, sometimes in the form of a so-called late career. The levels of retirement (retirement as an institution, life stage) overlap, and what this means for psychological research on retirement was analyzed. An overview of the most widely accepted models currently used to explain retirement transition and adjustment was provided, including role theory, continuity theory, life-cycle perspective theory, and a dynamic resource-based model of retirement adjustment. Factors affecting the transition from work to retirement were also assessed. Factors in several domains (individual variables; pre-retirement work-related variables; family-related variables; retirement-related variables; and post-retirement activities) have been described in several papers and analyzed in terms of their positive or negative effects on retirement adjustment. Qualitative research focusing on the subjective experience of the retirement adjustment process has shown three typical cases of the transition from employment to retirement, namely, positive adjustment (a person who expects and enjoys retirement, e.g., tired from work, experiences relief and satisfaction after retirement, a person who perceives positive new opportunities and experiences positive changes, using adjustment to engage in new activities, social relationships, or protective attitudes, and earlier planning for retirement), negative adjustment (a person who leaves the job that filled them and in which they had good relationships, adapts more problematically, has no job or social company, experiences feelings of loneliness and a lack of social contacts, but also suffers from a lack of sources) and impaired adjustment (a person who is looking forward to retirement, but due to various circumstances at work or in the family, the transition has not been smooth, in addition, there is a serious negative event, such as the death of a loved one, an illness that causes negative feelings, which complicates the adjustment and causes negative changes). As part of the review of personality and cognitive predictors of optimal adjustment, we examined how recent retirees conceptualize this phase of life. The four retirement lifestyle concepts (new beginnings, continuation, imposed disruption, and transition to old age) were confirmed and three types of retirees were identified: 1. new beginnings and continuation, 2. imposed disruption without hope, and 3. accepted interruption and termination. These three types differed significantly in the level of satisfaction, subjective well-being, and meaningfulness of life, with the first type having the highest level and the second type the lowest. An experimental intervention was prepared based on providing retirement planning information to people of pre-retirement age. The intervention was conceptually based on the method of Kaya and Schlossberag (2010) and was revised and adapted to the retirement problem. However, the results of the review showed no impact of such an intervention on retirement preparedness variables, namely retirement planning, retirement conceptualization, or retirement coverage, suggesting that information may not be sufficient to increase retirement engagement.
Selected publications:
1. Bačová, V. (2019). Súčasné výzvy pre psychologické skúmanie dôchodku. Ceskoslovenska Psychologie, 63(5), 526-542.
2. Bačová, V., Halama, P. (2020). Retirement lifestyle conceptualization and well-being in recent retirees. Educational Gerontology, 46(11), 688 - 695.
3. Bačová, V., & Halama, P. (Eds.) Psychologické súvislosti adaptácie na dôchodok. Bratislava, Ústav experimentálnej psychológie CSPV SAV, 2021.
4. Záhorcová, L., Halama, P., Škrobáková, Ž., Bintliff, A. V., & Navarová, S. (2021). Qualitative analysis of transition from work to retirement among Slovak retirees. Current Psychology, 40(4), 1531-1545.
5. Halama, P., Záhorcová, L., & Škrobáková, Ž. (2021). Meaning making in retirement transition: a qualitative inquiry into Slovak retirees. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 16(1), 1985414.
2017 - 2021
Principal investigator:
prof. Peter Halama, PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Prof. PhDr. Viera Bačová, DrSc.
PhDr. Lucia Kočišová, PhD.
Mgr. Lucia Záhorcová, PhD.
doc. Ing. Mgr. Róbert Hanák, PhD.
Mgr. Lukáš Pitel, PhD.
Most significant results:
At the beginning of the project, the problem of retirement transition was theoretically conceptualized in the context of current sociodemographic trends (population aging). In the past, it generally meant a one-time and unilateral departure from paid work to a permanent state of no work and retirement, but current changes in demographic trends are also changing the nature of this process. Retirement is now more diverse and complex, and the duration of employment is increasing after retirement age, sometimes in the form of a so-called late career. The levels of retirement (retirement as an institution, life stage) overlap, and what this means for psychological research on retirement was analyzed. An overview of the most widely accepted models currently used to explain retirement transition and adjustment was provided, including role theory, continuity theory, life-cycle perspective theory, and a dynamic resource-based model of retirement adjustment. Factors affecting the transition from work to retirement were also assessed. Factors in several domains (individual variables; pre-retirement work-related variables; family-related variables; retirement-related variables; and post-retirement activities) have been described in several papers and analyzed in terms of their positive or negative effects on retirement adjustment. Qualitative research focusing on the subjective experience of the retirement adjustment process has shown three typical cases of the transition from employment to retirement, namely, positive adjustment (a person who expects and enjoys retirement, e.g., tired from work, experiences relief and satisfaction after retirement, a person who perceives positive new opportunities and experiences positive changes, using adjustment to engage in new activities, social relationships, or protective attitudes, and earlier planning for retirement), negative adjustment (a person who leaves the job that filled them and in which they had good relationships, adapts more problematically, has no job or social company, experiences feelings of loneliness and a lack of social contacts, but also suffers from a lack of sources) and impaired adjustment (a person who is looking forward to retirement, but due to various circumstances at work or in the family, the transition has not been smooth, in addition, there is a serious negative event, such as the death of a loved one, an illness that causes negative feelings, which complicates the adjustment and causes negative changes). As part of the review of personality and cognitive predictors of optimal adjustment, we examined how recent retirees conceptualize this phase of life. The four retirement lifestyle concepts (new beginnings, continuation, imposed disruption, and transition to old age) were confirmed and three types of retirees were identified: 1. new beginnings and continuation, 2. imposed disruption without hope, and 3. accepted interruption and termination. These three types differed significantly in the level of satisfaction, subjective well-being, and meaningfulness of life, with the first type having the highest level and the second type the lowest. An experimental intervention was prepared based on providing retirement planning information to people of pre-retirement age. The intervention was conceptually based on the method of Kaya and Schlossberag (2010) and was revised and adapted to the retirement problem. However, the results of the review showed no impact of such an intervention on retirement preparedness variables, namely retirement planning, retirement conceptualization, or retirement coverage, suggesting that information may not be sufficient to increase retirement engagement.
Selected publications:
1. Bačová, V. (2019). Súčasné výzvy pre psychologické skúmanie dôchodku. Ceskoslovenska Psychologie, 63(5), 526-542.
2. Bačová, V., Halama, P. (2020). Retirement lifestyle conceptualization and well-being in recent retirees. Educational Gerontology, 46(11), 688 - 695.
3. Bačová, V., & Halama, P. (Eds.) Psychologické súvislosti adaptácie na dôchodok. Bratislava, Ústav experimentálnej psychológie CSPV SAV, 2021.
4. Záhorcová, L., Halama, P., Škrobáková, Ž., Bintliff, A. V., & Navarová, S. (2021). Qualitative analysis of transition from work to retirement among Slovak retirees. Current Psychology, 40(4), 1531-1545.
5. Halama, P., Záhorcová, L., & Škrobáková, Ž. (2021). Meaning making in retirement transition: a qualitative inquiry into Slovak retirees. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 16(1), 1985414.
Cognitive failures – individual predictors and intervention possibilities
APVV-16-0153
Duration of the project:
1.7.2017 - 30.6.2021
Principal investigator:
doc. PaedDr. Vladimíra Čavojová, PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Mgr. Lenka Valuš, PhD.
PhDr. Eva Ballová Mikušková, PhD.
Mgr. Jana Bašnáková, MSc.
Mgr. Jurkovič Marek, PhD.
Mgr. Jakub Šrol, PhD.
PhDr. Brezina Ivan, PhD.
Mgr. Mária Kénesy Túnyiová, PhD.
PhDr. Robert Krause, PhD.
Mgr. Dáša Vedejová, PhD.
Mgr. Miroslava Galasová
Mgr. Jakub Lieskovský
Annotation:
Project focuses on the question which individual predictors influence cognitive failures of people and how can we help them to make better decisions. Cognitive failures are examined from two perspectives – from the perspective of predictors entering into cognitive process and from the perspective of predictors of cognitive failures in specific areas. Relatively new and original is the area of epistemically suspect beliefs (ESB), which represent specific domain of cognitive failures understanding of which can have practical implications for everyday life – from an explication of vulnerability in financial decisions to political extremism. The aim of the project is to construct methods for measuring rational thinking and ESB, identify individual predictors of cognitive failures and their mutual interaction. It will enable us to examine how resistance to cognitive failures in rational tasks correlates with various ESB and to identify socio-cultural factors that predict the forming of ESB in Slovakia. We will also experimentally verify the effect of interventions modified according to these individual predictors on cognitive failures. Previous intervention efforts failed because of the universality of used procedures without regard to specific characteristics of groups of people, who are – for whatever reasons – immune to these interventions and without regard to specific domains of cognitive failures, therefore we aim to specifically address these concerns in our project. Thus, our results can contribute to the verification of the latest models of cognitive processes within dual-process theories and promote our understanding of the connection between cognitive failures in rational thinking tasks and ESB as one of the manifestations of cognitive failure in everyday life.
Key words:
cognitive biases, epistemically suspect beliefs, scientific reasoning, debiasing, confirmation bias
Selected publications:
1. Ballová Mikušková, E. & Čavojová, V. (2020). The Effect of Analytic Cognitive Style on Credulity. Frontiers in Psychology, 11 (584424), 2682.
2. Burič, R. & Šrol, J. (2020). Individual differences in logical intuitions on reasoning problems presented under two-response paradigm. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 32 (4), 460-477.
3. Čavojová, V., Šrol, J. & Jurkovič, M. (2020). Why should we try to think like scientists? Scientific reasoningand susceptibility to epistemically suspect beliefs and cognitive biases. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 4 (1), 85-95.
4. Čavojová, v. & Ersoy, S. (2020). The role of scientific reasoning and religious beliefs in use of complementary and alternative medicine. Journal of Public Health, 42 (3), e239-e248.
5. Čavojová, V & Brezina, I. (2020). Why do we believe weird things? Recent trends in cognitive failures research in Slovakia. In 12th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI 2019). Seville, SPAIN: IATED. p. 2267-2276. ISBN 978-84-09-14755-7.
6. Čavojová, V., Šrol, J., & Ballová Mikušková, E. (2020). How scientific reasoning correlates with health-related beliefs and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic? Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320962266
7. Teličák, P. & Halama, P. (2020). Temná triáda osobnosti ako prediktor epistemicko nepodložených presvedčení = Dark Triad as a Predictor of Epistemically Unfounded Beliefs. In L. Sabová (Ed.), Psychologica L : Zborník. Medzinárodná konferencia: Osobnosť v kontexte kognícií, emocionality a motivácii 2019. Bratislava: STIMUL. s. 109-115. ISBN 978-80-8127-278-3.
8. Vedejová, D. & Čavojová, V. (2020). Ako skúmať sklon k sebapotvrdzovaniu? In Československá psychologie, 64 (2), 184-196.
9. Vedejová, D. & Čavojová, V. (2020). Confirmation Bias in Information Search, Interpretation, and Memory Recall: Evidence from Reasoning about Four Controversial Topics. Thinking and Reasoning. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2021.1891967
1.7.2017 - 30.6.2021
Principal investigator:
doc. PaedDr. Vladimíra Čavojová, PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Mgr. Lenka Valuš, PhD.
PhDr. Eva Ballová Mikušková, PhD.
Mgr. Jana Bašnáková, MSc.
Mgr. Jurkovič Marek, PhD.
Mgr. Jakub Šrol, PhD.
PhDr. Brezina Ivan, PhD.
Mgr. Mária Kénesy Túnyiová, PhD.
PhDr. Robert Krause, PhD.
Mgr. Dáša Vedejová, PhD.
Mgr. Miroslava Galasová
Mgr. Jakub Lieskovský
Annotation:
Project focuses on the question which individual predictors influence cognitive failures of people and how can we help them to make better decisions. Cognitive failures are examined from two perspectives – from the perspective of predictors entering into cognitive process and from the perspective of predictors of cognitive failures in specific areas. Relatively new and original is the area of epistemically suspect beliefs (ESB), which represent specific domain of cognitive failures understanding of which can have practical implications for everyday life – from an explication of vulnerability in financial decisions to political extremism. The aim of the project is to construct methods for measuring rational thinking and ESB, identify individual predictors of cognitive failures and their mutual interaction. It will enable us to examine how resistance to cognitive failures in rational tasks correlates with various ESB and to identify socio-cultural factors that predict the forming of ESB in Slovakia. We will also experimentally verify the effect of interventions modified according to these individual predictors on cognitive failures. Previous intervention efforts failed because of the universality of used procedures without regard to specific characteristics of groups of people, who are – for whatever reasons – immune to these interventions and without regard to specific domains of cognitive failures, therefore we aim to specifically address these concerns in our project. Thus, our results can contribute to the verification of the latest models of cognitive processes within dual-process theories and promote our understanding of the connection between cognitive failures in rational thinking tasks and ESB as one of the manifestations of cognitive failure in everyday life.
Key words:
cognitive biases, epistemically suspect beliefs, scientific reasoning, debiasing, confirmation bias
Selected publications:
1. Ballová Mikušková, E. & Čavojová, V. (2020). The Effect of Analytic Cognitive Style on Credulity. Frontiers in Psychology, 11 (584424), 2682.
2. Burič, R. & Šrol, J. (2020). Individual differences in logical intuitions on reasoning problems presented under two-response paradigm. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 32 (4), 460-477.
3. Čavojová, V., Šrol, J. & Jurkovič, M. (2020). Why should we try to think like scientists? Scientific reasoningand susceptibility to epistemically suspect beliefs and cognitive biases. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 4 (1), 85-95.
4. Čavojová, v. & Ersoy, S. (2020). The role of scientific reasoning and religious beliefs in use of complementary and alternative medicine. Journal of Public Health, 42 (3), e239-e248.
5. Čavojová, V & Brezina, I. (2020). Why do we believe weird things? Recent trends in cognitive failures research in Slovakia. In 12th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI 2019). Seville, SPAIN: IATED. p. 2267-2276. ISBN 978-84-09-14755-7.
6. Čavojová, V., Šrol, J., & Ballová Mikušková, E. (2020). How scientific reasoning correlates with health-related beliefs and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic? Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320962266
7. Teličák, P. & Halama, P. (2020). Temná triáda osobnosti ako prediktor epistemicko nepodložených presvedčení = Dark Triad as a Predictor of Epistemically Unfounded Beliefs. In L. Sabová (Ed.), Psychologica L : Zborník. Medzinárodná konferencia: Osobnosť v kontexte kognícií, emocionality a motivácii 2019. Bratislava: STIMUL. s. 109-115. ISBN 978-80-8127-278-3.
8. Vedejová, D. & Čavojová, V. (2020). Ako skúmať sklon k sebapotvrdzovaniu? In Československá psychologie, 64 (2), 184-196.
9. Vedejová, D. & Čavojová, V. (2020). Confirmation Bias in Information Search, Interpretation, and Memory Recall: Evidence from Reasoning about Four Controversial Topics. Thinking and Reasoning. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2021.1891967
Cognitive limits of effective information processing and communication
2/0085/17
Duration of the project:
2017-2020
Principal investigator:
doc. PaedDr. Vladimíra Čavojová, PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Mgr. Lenka Valuš, PhD.
PhDr. Eva Ballová Mikušková, PhD.
Mgr. Jana Bašnáková, MSc.
Mgr. Jurkovič Marek, PhD.
Mgr. Jakub Šrol, PhD.
PhDr. Brezina Ivan, PhD.
Mgr. Mária Kénesy Túnyiová, PhD.
PhDr. Robert Krause, PhD.
Mgr. Dáša Vedejová, PhD.
Mgr. Miroslava Galasová
Mgr. Jakub Lieskovský
Annotation:
The aim of the project was to identify and describe factors contributing to people’s better acceptance, comprehension and processing of expert information that are necessary for informed and evidence based decision making. The amount and complexity of information is growing steadily, however, people tend to believe more in pseudoscientific theories, biases or they deny science altogether, which has a negative impact on the life of individuals (refusal of vaccination, financing ineffective “treatment” methods, ignoring medical recommendations, believing in conspiracies, etc.). Lack of comprehension and acceptance of expert information are caused by (1) cognitive limitations of the information recipient (e.g., confirmation bias), (2) the way information is phrased and presented (e.g., using percent instead of natural frequencies). By studying these limitations we should be able to design and test the possibilities of efficient communication of information for debiasing and optimization of decisions.
Key words:
judgment, beliefs, critical thinking, scientific reasoning, understanding of information
Selected publications:
1. Kostovičová, L., Bašnáková, J., & Bačová, V. (2017). Predicting perception of risks and benefits within novel domains. Studia Psychologica, 59(3), 176–192.
2. Čavojová, V., Brezina, I., & Jurkovič, M. (2020). Expanding the bullshit research out of pseudo-transcendental domain. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00617-3
3. Šrol, J. (2018). Individuálne rozdiely v inhibícii presvedčení pri sylogistickom usudzovaní. In Československá psychologie, LXII (1), 1-15.
4. Vedejová, D. & Čavojová, V. (2020). Ako skúmať sklon k sebapotvrdzovaniu? Československá psychologie, 64, 2, 184-196.
5. Čavojová, V., Šrol, J., & Adamus, M. (2018). My point is valid, yours is not: myside bias in reasoning about abortion. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 30 (7), 656-669.
6. Čavojová, V., & Ersoy, S. (2020). The role of scientific reasoning and religious beliefs in use of complementary and alternative medicine. Journal of Public Health, 42, 3, e239-e248. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdz120
7. Čavojová, V., Šrol, J., & Ballová Mikušková, E. (2020). How scientific reasoning correlates with health-related beliefs and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic? Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320962266
8. Hatoková, M., Masaryk, R. & Kénesy Túnyiová, M. (2018). How Slovak mothers view child vaccination: Focus group analysis. Československá psychologie, 62(2), 101-118.
2017-2020
Principal investigator:
doc. PaedDr. Vladimíra Čavojová, PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Mgr. Lenka Valuš, PhD.
PhDr. Eva Ballová Mikušková, PhD.
Mgr. Jana Bašnáková, MSc.
Mgr. Jurkovič Marek, PhD.
Mgr. Jakub Šrol, PhD.
PhDr. Brezina Ivan, PhD.
Mgr. Mária Kénesy Túnyiová, PhD.
PhDr. Robert Krause, PhD.
Mgr. Dáša Vedejová, PhD.
Mgr. Miroslava Galasová
Mgr. Jakub Lieskovský
Annotation:
The aim of the project was to identify and describe factors contributing to people’s better acceptance, comprehension and processing of expert information that are necessary for informed and evidence based decision making. The amount and complexity of information is growing steadily, however, people tend to believe more in pseudoscientific theories, biases or they deny science altogether, which has a negative impact on the life of individuals (refusal of vaccination, financing ineffective “treatment” methods, ignoring medical recommendations, believing in conspiracies, etc.). Lack of comprehension and acceptance of expert information are caused by (1) cognitive limitations of the information recipient (e.g., confirmation bias), (2) the way information is phrased and presented (e.g., using percent instead of natural frequencies). By studying these limitations we should be able to design and test the possibilities of efficient communication of information for debiasing and optimization of decisions.
Key words:
judgment, beliefs, critical thinking, scientific reasoning, understanding of information
Selected publications:
1. Kostovičová, L., Bašnáková, J., & Bačová, V. (2017). Predicting perception of risks and benefits within novel domains. Studia Psychologica, 59(3), 176–192.
2. Čavojová, V., Brezina, I., & Jurkovič, M. (2020). Expanding the bullshit research out of pseudo-transcendental domain. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00617-3
3. Šrol, J. (2018). Individuálne rozdiely v inhibícii presvedčení pri sylogistickom usudzovaní. In Československá psychologie, LXII (1), 1-15.
4. Vedejová, D. & Čavojová, V. (2020). Ako skúmať sklon k sebapotvrdzovaniu? Československá psychologie, 64, 2, 184-196.
5. Čavojová, V., Šrol, J., & Adamus, M. (2018). My point is valid, yours is not: myside bias in reasoning about abortion. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 30 (7), 656-669.
6. Čavojová, V., & Ersoy, S. (2020). The role of scientific reasoning and religious beliefs in use of complementary and alternative medicine. Journal of Public Health, 42, 3, e239-e248. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdz120
7. Čavojová, V., Šrol, J., & Ballová Mikušková, E. (2020). How scientific reasoning correlates with health-related beliefs and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic? Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320962266
8. Hatoková, M., Masaryk, R. & Kénesy Túnyiová, M. (2018). How Slovak mothers view child vaccination: Focus group analysis. Československá psychologie, 62(2), 101-118.
Risk assessment in decision making of individuals on the personal and company/business finances and business opportunities
VEGA 2/0118/17
Duration of the project:
2017-2019
Principal investigator:
Ing. Mgr. Róbert Hanák PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
prof. PhDr. Viera Bačová, DrSc.
Mgr. Denisa Fedáková, PhD.
Mgr. Katarína Dudeková, PhD.
Mgr. Matúš Konečný
Mgr. Matúš Grežo, PhD.
Mgr. Lucia Ištoňová
Ing. Edita Nemcová, PhD.
Ing. Ivana Studená, PhD.
Mgr. Andrea Zelienková
Mgr. Zuzana Kožárová
Annotation:
Individuals make decisions about personal and business finances facing risk and uncertainty. At the same time these decisions, such as retirement scheme choices, investment of life-savings, investment into new ventures and alike are of crucial importance and imply consequences for the future of the concerned individual and that of his/her family members. Many individuals, however, make sub-optimal decisions, leading to considerable personal/family/business financial losses. One of the reasons of such failures is related to differences in individual risk perception and assessment. This project therefore aims to study psychological factors and variables (personality, cognitive and socio-demographic) playing a role in risk assessment throughout the process of financial decision making. The project will produce new theoretical knowledge as well as concrete solutions helping individuals to better understand, support, and handle the process of financial risk assessment.
Key words:
financial psychology, financial decisions of individuals, assessing risks and opportunities in making financial decisions, expertise, business opportunities
2017-2019
Principal investigator:
Ing. Mgr. Róbert Hanák PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
prof. PhDr. Viera Bačová, DrSc.
Mgr. Denisa Fedáková, PhD.
Mgr. Katarína Dudeková, PhD.
Mgr. Matúš Konečný
Mgr. Matúš Grežo, PhD.
Mgr. Lucia Ištoňová
Ing. Edita Nemcová, PhD.
Ing. Ivana Studená, PhD.
Mgr. Andrea Zelienková
Mgr. Zuzana Kožárová
Annotation:
Individuals make decisions about personal and business finances facing risk and uncertainty. At the same time these decisions, such as retirement scheme choices, investment of life-savings, investment into new ventures and alike are of crucial importance and imply consequences for the future of the concerned individual and that of his/her family members. Many individuals, however, make sub-optimal decisions, leading to considerable personal/family/business financial losses. One of the reasons of such failures is related to differences in individual risk perception and assessment. This project therefore aims to study psychological factors and variables (personality, cognitive and socio-demographic) playing a role in risk assessment throughout the process of financial decision making. The project will produce new theoretical knowledge as well as concrete solutions helping individuals to better understand, support, and handle the process of financial risk assessment.
Key words:
financial psychology, financial decisions of individuals, assessing risks and opportunities in making financial decisions, expertise, business opportunities
Decision making and effective complex problem solving in intrapsychic bonds with cognitive styles
VEGA 2/0116/15
Duration of the project:
2015-2018
Principal investigator:
Sarmány-Schuller Ivan, PhDr. CSc.
List of scientific co-workers:
Ruisel Imrich, prof. PhDr. DrSc.
Kordačová Jana , PhDr. CSc.
Grežo Matúš, Mgr.
Annotation:
The research project focuses on the experimental research study of problem solving, a crucial point is internal representation that is the basis of a hypothesis considered as a potential problem solution. Problem solving is perceived as a flexible interaction of two systems – generator and evaluator of thoughts, that include situation analysis, material analysis and conflict analysis. The aim of the project is to explain the role of personality and cognitive-style components in the problem solving and decision making process. We will develop new, original experimental methods for the assessment of complex problem solving, results will be included in a monograph and partial results will be presented to scientific audience at home and abroad.
Key words:
complex problem solving, cognitive styles, cognitive biases, counterfactual thinking, decision making, coping
2015-2018
Principal investigator:
Sarmány-Schuller Ivan, PhDr. CSc.
List of scientific co-workers:
Ruisel Imrich, prof. PhDr. DrSc.
Kordačová Jana , PhDr. CSc.
Grežo Matúš, Mgr.
Annotation:
The research project focuses on the experimental research study of problem solving, a crucial point is internal representation that is the basis of a hypothesis considered as a potential problem solution. Problem solving is perceived as a flexible interaction of two systems – generator and evaluator of thoughts, that include situation analysis, material analysis and conflict analysis. The aim of the project is to explain the role of personality and cognitive-style components in the problem solving and decision making process. We will develop new, original experimental methods for the assessment of complex problem solving, results will be included in a monograph and partial results will be presented to scientific audience at home and abroad.
Key words:
complex problem solving, cognitive styles, cognitive biases, counterfactual thinking, decision making, coping
Decision making in emotionally demanding situations: Research of macrocognitions and emotions in the naturalistic decision making paradigm
VEGA 2/0080/14
Duration of the project:
1.1.2014 - 31.12.2017
Principal investigator:
Jitka Gurňáková, Mgr. PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Peter Halama, Doc. Mgr. PhD.
Mgr. Branislav Uhrecký
Lukáš Pitel, Mgr. PhD.
Hana Harenčárová, Mgr.
Katarína Košíková Žiaková, Mgr.
Mgr. Martin Sedlár
Annotation:
The project follows the current research activities at the Institute and also the ending research project VEGA “Personality aspects of effective self-regulation and decision-making in emotionally demanding situations”, that focused on the problems of naturalistic decision making (NDM) and served as our introduction to the theory and methodology applied in this approach to the study of decision making. The current project focuses on macrocognitions, and we plan to target selected macrocognitive processes that participate in decision making in emotionally demanding situations. Moreover, we will study also the interaction between cognitions and emotions in the decision making process.
Key words:
decision making, naturalistic decision making, macrocognitions, emotions
1.1.2014 - 31.12.2017
Principal investigator:
Jitka Gurňáková, Mgr. PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Peter Halama, Doc. Mgr. PhD.
Mgr. Branislav Uhrecký
Lukáš Pitel, Mgr. PhD.
Hana Harenčárová, Mgr.
Katarína Košíková Žiaková, Mgr.
Mgr. Martin Sedlár
Annotation:
The project follows the current research activities at the Institute and also the ending research project VEGA “Personality aspects of effective self-regulation and decision-making in emotionally demanding situations”, that focused on the problems of naturalistic decision making (NDM) and served as our introduction to the theory and methodology applied in this approach to the study of decision making. The current project focuses on macrocognitions, and we plan to target selected macrocognitive processes that participate in decision making in emotionally demanding situations. Moreover, we will study also the interaction between cognitions and emotions in the decision making process.
Key words:
decision making, naturalistic decision making, macrocognitions, emotions
Decision making of professionals: processual, personality and social aspects
APVV-0361-12
Duration of the project:
2013-2017
Principal investigator:
Doc. Mgr. Peter Halama, PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Annotation:
The project focuses on the study of decision-making processes in those professionals where decision making significantly influences their professional performance. The aim is to analyze decision making of professionals from the aspect of heuristic strategies, and from the aspect of identifying key processual aspects of decision making in professionals. The focus is also on microcognitions in decision making (basic building blocks of thinking) and macrocognitions (complex cognitive adaptations to the complexity of stimulus situation). The project also analyzes personality and social variables with the potential to enter the decision-making process. A separate space is dedicated to the description of intuitive and systematic strategies of decision making in professionals and their mutual comparison.
Key words:
Decision making, professionals, heuristics, personality, macrocognitions, microcognitions
2013-2017
Principal investigator:
Doc. Mgr. Peter Halama, PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Annotation:
The project focuses on the study of decision-making processes in those professionals where decision making significantly influences their professional performance. The aim is to analyze decision making of professionals from the aspect of heuristic strategies, and from the aspect of identifying key processual aspects of decision making in professionals. The focus is also on microcognitions in decision making (basic building blocks of thinking) and macrocognitions (complex cognitive adaptations to the complexity of stimulus situation). The project also analyzes personality and social variables with the potential to enter the decision-making process. A separate space is dedicated to the description of intuitive and systematic strategies of decision making in professionals and their mutual comparison.
Key words:
Decision making, professionals, heuristics, personality, macrocognitions, microcognitions
Social influences in individual decision making
VEGA 2/0154/13
Duration of the project:
01/2013 - 12/2016
Principal investigator:
PhDr. Radomír Masaryk, PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Mgr. Jana Bašnáková, MSc.
Mgr. Lenka Kostovičová,PhD.
Mgr. Katarína Dudeková, PhD.
prof. PhDr. Viera Bačová, DrSc.
PhDr. Ivan Brezina, PhD. (od roku 2014)
Mgr. Mária Hatoková, PhD.
Mgr. Mária Túniyová, PhD.
Annotation:
The project analyzes social influences on decision making in individuals. The objective is to find out how aspects of group composition - e.g., information sharing, group norms and other factors of social influence have impact on individual decision making. Decision making shall be investigated in the process of solving different types of decision making problems (e.g., heuristics tasks, decision making under conditions of risk and uncertainty). Explored by different methods (e.g., verbal or written protocols), the project is to focus on the result of decision making as well as its process. The methodological objective is to adapt existing decision making tasks, to set up an own set of tasks to explore social decision making, to test those tasks, and to evaluate their validity. After the initial phase of fully controlled laboratory experiments the findings shall be verified and further expanded in the natural group setting (with a modified set of methods), and an in-depth in-situ qualitative study.
Key words:
individual decision making, social decision making, social influences, natural groups
01/2013 - 12/2016
Principal investigator:
PhDr. Radomír Masaryk, PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Mgr. Jana Bašnáková, MSc.
Mgr. Lenka Kostovičová,PhD.
Mgr. Katarína Dudeková, PhD.
prof. PhDr. Viera Bačová, DrSc.
PhDr. Ivan Brezina, PhD. (od roku 2014)
Mgr. Mária Hatoková, PhD.
Mgr. Mária Túniyová, PhD.
Annotation:
The project analyzes social influences on decision making in individuals. The objective is to find out how aspects of group composition - e.g., information sharing, group norms and other factors of social influence have impact on individual decision making. Decision making shall be investigated in the process of solving different types of decision making problems (e.g., heuristics tasks, decision making under conditions of risk and uncertainty). Explored by different methods (e.g., verbal or written protocols), the project is to focus on the result of decision making as well as its process. The methodological objective is to adapt existing decision making tasks, to set up an own set of tasks to explore social decision making, to test those tasks, and to evaluate their validity. After the initial phase of fully controlled laboratory experiments the findings shall be verified and further expanded in the natural group setting (with a modified set of methods), and an in-depth in-situ qualitative study.
Key words:
individual decision making, social decision making, social influences, natural groups
Decision making of experts: Using intuition for solution of strategic tasks
VEGA 2/0064/13
Duration of the project:
01/2013 – 12/2016
Principal investigator:
PaedDr. Vladimíra Čavojová, PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Ing. Mgr. Róbert Hanák, PhD.
PhDr. Eva Ballová Mikušková, PhD.
PhDr. Daniela Kusá, CSc.
Mgr. Martin Majerník, Msc.
Mgr. Marek Jurkovič
Annotation:
Intuition in research of judgment and decision making (JDM) is a relatively new issue with implications on experts’ decision making, effectiveness of analytical and intuitive processes in the quality of JDM. It lies at the intersection between the most significant traditions of JDM research – Heuristics and Biases program of Kahneman and Tversky, ecological rationality of Gigerenzer and the ABC group, and naturalistic decision making of Klein, which define intuition differently and also differ in the view of expert decision making. The aim of this project is to analyze strong and weak points of theoretical models in JDM and their validity for studying intuitive decision making in experts. The empirical research will be realized with experts and non-experts, thus enabling to gain knowledge of people’s use of analytic and intuitive decision making. In other words, which cognitive processes and components of environment participate in the choice of weighted decisional strategies versus fast and frugal heuristics.
Key words:
intuition, strategic decision making, experts, decision making strategies, ecological rationality, naturalistic decision making
01/2013 – 12/2016
Principal investigator:
PaedDr. Vladimíra Čavojová, PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Ing. Mgr. Róbert Hanák, PhD.
PhDr. Eva Ballová Mikušková, PhD.
PhDr. Daniela Kusá, CSc.
Mgr. Martin Majerník, Msc.
Mgr. Marek Jurkovič
Annotation:
Intuition in research of judgment and decision making (JDM) is a relatively new issue with implications on experts’ decision making, effectiveness of analytical and intuitive processes in the quality of JDM. It lies at the intersection between the most significant traditions of JDM research – Heuristics and Biases program of Kahneman and Tversky, ecological rationality of Gigerenzer and the ABC group, and naturalistic decision making of Klein, which define intuition differently and also differ in the view of expert decision making. The aim of this project is to analyze strong and weak points of theoretical models in JDM and their validity for studying intuitive decision making in experts. The empirical research will be realized with experts and non-experts, thus enabling to gain knowledge of people’s use of analytic and intuitive decision making. In other words, which cognitive processes and components of environment participate in the choice of weighted decisional strategies versus fast and frugal heuristics.
Key words:
intuition, strategic decision making, experts, decision making strategies, ecological rationality, naturalistic decision making
Centre for Strategic Analyses SASc., Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Strategies of Society – CESTA
project of Centers of excellence
Duration of the project:
4.8. 2011 - 31. 12.2014
Principal investigator:
Bačová Viera, prof. PhDr. DrSc. (za ÚEP SAV)
List of scientific co-workers:
Za ÚEP SAV:
Team: Stratégie rozhodovania v jednoduchej (binárnej) a komplexnej voľbe
Bačová Viera, prof. PhDr. DrSc., Baláž Vladimír, Doc. Ing. PhD. DrSc. (Prognostický ústav SAV), Stríženec Michal, PhDr. DrSc., Drobná Eva, Mgr., Dudeková Katarína, Mgr.
Team: Strategické rozhodovanie expertov
Kurincová Čavojová Vladimíra, PaedDr. PhD., Törvényi Belovičová Zuzana, PhDr. PhD., Ballová Mikušková Eva, PhDr. PhD., Hanák Róbert, Mgr. Ing. PhD., Harenčárová Hana, Mgr.
Team: Individuálne a sociálne rozhodovanie
Masaryk Radomír, PhDr. PhD., Bašnáková Jana, Mgr., MSc., Kostovičová Lenka, Mgr.
Za ÚAP FSEV UK:
Team: Stratégie rozhodovania pri voľbe kariéry
Kollárik Teodor, prof. PhDr. DrSc., Ritomský Alojz, Doc. PhDr. PhD., Letovancová Eva, Doc. PhDr. PhD., Lisá Elena, Doc. Mgr. PhD., Hennelová, Katarína, PhDr. PhD., Broniš Peter, Mgr.
Annotation:
The main goal of the project is the research of strategic decision making on a theoretical, experimental and empiric level. The Institute of Experimental Psychology SASc., as well as its partner the Institute of Applied Psychology of the Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences of Comenius University, will focus on psychological dimensions of individual and group strategic decision making. Results may be applied to design training programs for decision making, expert team building, in specific fields of forecasting, environmental development, security, and such.
Key words:
decision making strategies, decision-making expertise, individual and social decision making, career decision making, psychology of forecasting
4.8. 2011 - 31. 12.2014
Principal investigator:
Bačová Viera, prof. PhDr. DrSc. (za ÚEP SAV)
List of scientific co-workers:
Za ÚEP SAV:
Team: Stratégie rozhodovania v jednoduchej (binárnej) a komplexnej voľbe
Bačová Viera, prof. PhDr. DrSc., Baláž Vladimír, Doc. Ing. PhD. DrSc. (Prognostický ústav SAV), Stríženec Michal, PhDr. DrSc., Drobná Eva, Mgr., Dudeková Katarína, Mgr.
Team: Strategické rozhodovanie expertov
Kurincová Čavojová Vladimíra, PaedDr. PhD., Törvényi Belovičová Zuzana, PhDr. PhD., Ballová Mikušková Eva, PhDr. PhD., Hanák Róbert, Mgr. Ing. PhD., Harenčárová Hana, Mgr.
Team: Individuálne a sociálne rozhodovanie
Masaryk Radomír, PhDr. PhD., Bašnáková Jana, Mgr., MSc., Kostovičová Lenka, Mgr.
Za ÚAP FSEV UK:
Team: Stratégie rozhodovania pri voľbe kariéry
Kollárik Teodor, prof. PhDr. DrSc., Ritomský Alojz, Doc. PhDr. PhD., Letovancová Eva, Doc. PhDr. PhD., Lisá Elena, Doc. Mgr. PhD., Hennelová, Katarína, PhDr. PhD., Broniš Peter, Mgr.
Annotation:
The main goal of the project is the research of strategic decision making on a theoretical, experimental and empiric level. The Institute of Experimental Psychology SASc., as well as its partner the Institute of Applied Psychology of the Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences of Comenius University, will focus on psychological dimensions of individual and group strategic decision making. Results may be applied to design training programs for decision making, expert team building, in specific fields of forecasting, environmental development, security, and such.
Key words:
decision making strategies, decision-making expertise, individual and social decision making, career decision making, psychology of forecasting
Need for structure in the process of decision-making and coping
VEGA 2/0126/12
Duration of the project:
1.1.2012-31.12.2014
Principal investigator:
Sarmány Schuller Ivan, PhDr. CSc.
List of scientific co-workers:
Ruisel Imrich, prof. PhDr. DrSc.
Brezina Ivan, PhDr. PhD.
Ficková Emília, PhDr.
Kordačová Jana, PhDr. CSc.
Prokopčáková Alexandra, PhDr. CSc.
Ruiselová Zdenka, RNDr. CSc.
Kováč Damián, prof. PhDr. DrSc.
Túnyiová Mária, Mgr.
Annotation:
The project is based on the research and experimental study and verification of the personality construct “need for structure” in the process of decision-making. Current concepts of normative and descriptive models of decision-making do not offer a complex explanation of this process. The personality correlate, which significantly influences the process of decision-making, is largely omitted. The construct of personal need for structure, theoretically based on the condition of a certain ability of an individual to reduce the uncertainty of (any) situation, is related to a higher ability to solve new situations or cope with stress. The aim of the project is to explain the role of personality in the process of decision-making through the characteristics of world structuring and the ability to create own structure, mutual interaction with coping strategies, counterfactual thinking, cross-cultural comparison, rational and irrational beliefs, cognitive functions participating in the intuitive and rational decision-making and brain activity.
Key words:
personality, decision-making, coping, counterfactual thinking, neurophysiology and decision-making, cross-cultural comparison
1.1.2012-31.12.2014
Principal investigator:
Sarmány Schuller Ivan, PhDr. CSc.
List of scientific co-workers:
Ruisel Imrich, prof. PhDr. DrSc.
Brezina Ivan, PhDr. PhD.
Ficková Emília, PhDr.
Kordačová Jana, PhDr. CSc.
Prokopčáková Alexandra, PhDr. CSc.
Ruiselová Zdenka, RNDr. CSc.
Kováč Damián, prof. PhDr. DrSc.
Túnyiová Mária, Mgr.
Annotation:
The project is based on the research and experimental study and verification of the personality construct “need for structure” in the process of decision-making. Current concepts of normative and descriptive models of decision-making do not offer a complex explanation of this process. The personality correlate, which significantly influences the process of decision-making, is largely omitted. The construct of personal need for structure, theoretically based on the condition of a certain ability of an individual to reduce the uncertainty of (any) situation, is related to a higher ability to solve new situations or cope with stress. The aim of the project is to explain the role of personality in the process of decision-making through the characteristics of world structuring and the ability to create own structure, mutual interaction with coping strategies, counterfactual thinking, cross-cultural comparison, rational and irrational beliefs, cognitive functions participating in the intuitive and rational decision-making and brain activity.
Key words:
personality, decision-making, coping, counterfactual thinking, neurophysiology and decision-making, cross-cultural comparison
Personality aspects of effective self-regulation and decision-making in emotionally demanding situations
VEGA 2/0095/10
Duration of the project:
1.1.2010 – 31.12.2013
Principal investigator:
Gurňáková Jitka, Mgr. PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Halama Peter, Doc. Mgr. PhD.
Adamovová Lucia, Mgr. PhD.
Čičmanová Lenka, Mgr. PhD.
Törvenyi Belovičová Zuzana, PhDr. PhD.
Kamhalová, Ivana, Mgr.
Annotation:
The aim of the project is identification of personality aspects related to the choice of effective strategies of self-regulation and decision-making in real-life emotionally demanding situations. Central to the project is the naturalistic approach to the study of decision-making and self-regulation in adults, who are confronted with emotionally demanding situations in their professional or personal life. Decision-making and self-regulation are in this context interrelated and parallel processes. The combination of qualitative and quantitative approach serves to confront empiric data with theoretical models of self-regulation and decision-making as well as to elaborate a typology and personality profile of individuals who possess effective self-regulation and decision-making in emotionally demanding situations.
Key words:
self-regulation, emotions, decision-making, naturalistic theories of decision-making, emotionally demanding situations, personality
1.1.2010 – 31.12.2013
Principal investigator:
Gurňáková Jitka, Mgr. PhD.
List of scientific co-workers:
Halama Peter, Doc. Mgr. PhD.
Adamovová Lucia, Mgr. PhD.
Čičmanová Lenka, Mgr. PhD.
Törvenyi Belovičová Zuzana, PhDr. PhD.
Kamhalová, Ivana, Mgr.
Annotation:
The aim of the project is identification of personality aspects related to the choice of effective strategies of self-regulation and decision-making in real-life emotionally demanding situations. Central to the project is the naturalistic approach to the study of decision-making and self-regulation in adults, who are confronted with emotionally demanding situations in their professional or personal life. Decision-making and self-regulation are in this context interrelated and parallel processes. The combination of qualitative and quantitative approach serves to confront empiric data with theoretical models of self-regulation and decision-making as well as to elaborate a typology and personality profile of individuals who possess effective self-regulation and decision-making in emotionally demanding situations.
Key words:
self-regulation, emotions, decision-making, naturalistic theories of decision-making, emotionally demanding situations, personality